The Pharmaceutical Industries Facing Challenges Commerce Essay

The Pharmaceutical Industries Facing Challenges Commerce Essay In last few years pharmaceutical industries facing challenges because of economic downturn, increased healthcare cost, rise development cost, pharmaceutical sales in the market, increased competition for generic drug products, regulatory pressure cause weak US pharmaceutical growth. Few blockbuster drugs come to the market Because of decreased New Chemical Entities (NCE) research, development marketing. Pharmaceutical manufacturing sector plays serious role in US economy. Manufacturing and Good Distribution Practice (GDP) for pharmaceutical drug products decreases as compare to last few years. But at the same time, Chinese share increases up to 17%. It is important part of US economy, but manufacturing is no more prevailing part of US economy. Finally some industries adapted few solutions to overcome problems. Analyst focuses on commercial view of the companies and gives some advice that will use in current market and successful future. Objective Small scale large scale manufacturing companies have to think about their production in growing global market. The main object of topic is to evaluate and observe future of the manufacturing practice in global market by creating model. Due to growth of market, companies have to reduce manufacturing cost to stand in competition, raise profits and market share on expanding goal audience. They create new drug products in the market and maintain required quality of the drugs with low cost to hold their regular customer and attract new customers. Figure 1 Frame Work Diagram Global Environment Companies are going to preplan before any outsider affect the manufacturing process of the drug product. Company can aware of market economy, globalization, latest technologies develop in manufacturing field, demographics etc. Strategic Responses Strategic response in pharmaceutical manufacturing is used in production flexibilities, create design of new drug product, new manufacturing process with newly discover drug products, connection with internet which gives good communication between employees and data. SME Recommendations In last step, more focus on prescription information then description information. Main focus of prescriptive strategy is on customer satisfaction, market scenario, newly develop technologies in the pharmaceutical field and networking. Business Strategy First of all companies are aware of market, competition, relative drug manufacturing, material and employment costs, governments legal policies as per countries rules. Create a plan and criteria to achieve successful marketing, saving money and revenue, highly trained staff new technologies with freshly set goals in business sector. It includes financial investigation, business fact, material sourcing, stock management, manufacturing, in process management, distribution, promotion and marketing management. Changes in the global market is very quick so by using metrics and management guidelines to improves business strategies, add and improve necessary information in business. Management can give change to every employee for their individual suggestion to improve business strategy. [1] Growing Environment Manufacturing of one drug product is difficult task to do. Because it to difficult to understand demand of the drug product in coming few years. Company may invest millions of dollars for new drug manufacturing, its approval, marketing and promotion. If drug cannot pass in clinical trial because of its undesired adverse effects more than its benefit, so company has to spend money and time to solve this problem. Company spent 3 to 4 years and billions of dollars for building facility for particular type of drug product and there is no security that the new product is à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“cost effectiveà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and capable enough to fit in companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s criteria profitable enough for the company. [2] Generic drug companies do not face these types of problems and also the margin of profit is less as compare to the Brand Name Drug Company. Just in Time (JIT) in manufacturing Just in time is a pull method of production. Just in time is applied in drug manufacturing process which is used to decrease in process methods and time. JIT is suitable production arrangement when: [3] Specific number of the products prepared by manufacturing process Drug products with high value Less time setup for drug on machine Highly trained staff and flexibility in work Standard product with stable production Quality of the product can be ensured Just in time is used to improve drug product quality and effectiveness. Particular level of the raw material which is specified by the company is decrease at the particular level then company can order new raw materials in the company so it helps to save space in warehouse and reduce to check physical and chemical test of the raw materials. Firstly it was used in ford motor company by Henry Ford. [4] It basically focuses on management and how to implement supply chain in to the specific manufacturing process. JIT gives clear increase in liquid asset of the company by creating tax free and cash flow. Company launch new drug product in to the market at that time low output time is beneficial for unexpected increase in drug requirement. Long output time is normally making detail list of all the items in  stock of the drug product before increasing the demand of product. If we can use JIT in pharmaceutical manufacturing which is not good decision because company has to spent more money to create sturdy method. So we can say that if generic drug product companies use JIT approach is beneficial to them as compared to Brand Name Drug Company. Margin of the saving money by the generic drug product companies are less then Brand Name Drug Company. [5] Weakness of JIT JIT normally used in highly automatic drug production but not in custom made item. Every one relies on others because they are mutually dependent to each other. Weakness of JIT affects on supply chain and it become more costly. It causes drug market fluctuation, improper stock, lack of communication in every stage and also may leads to decrease drug production. [6] Sometime small quantity of material has been used to overcome defective drug product result. If supplier is not going to supply raw material in time to the company, it cause delay in production and distribution. Particular space is used for finished product so surprising order creates problems in finished product department. Global Pharmaceutical Market Figure 2 Global Pharmaceutical Industry Nowadays growth of pharmaceutical markets in the world is 4 to 6% expected value is $825 billion. As per the experts review, growth of pharmaceutical market is increase up to 4 to 7 % by 2013. And expected value of the market increase up to $975+ billion by 2013. In recent scenario, pharmaceutical markets are growing fast in the region of Asia-Pacific. It is because of very low cost and favorable environment with contract manufacturing and generic drug production. Increased in Reach and Development market in this region was helped to gain money up to US $187 billion in 2009. Now limited companies are involved in R D program. Sometime Research Development takes more time as expected so budget increases but company cannot increase product cost due to government policies. As a result companies are not spending time for new drug Research Development. Most recent growing pharmaceutical companies are in India, China, Indonesia, South Korea, and Malaysia due to less cost of the drug prod uct, less labor cost, good health insurance strategies as compare to the US market and it is beneficial to the company for its growth. China possibly becomes biggest pharmaceutical market in the world. India is the 3rd largest manufacturer of pharmaceutical drug product in the world. Expected growth of the pharmaceutical industries in global market in coming years is in China and Russia because they have strong support of government. [7] Demographic in pharmaceutical market With the help of research we can know the demographic review, macroeconomic indicators, disease analysis etc. It is used to know the strategies in the market and successful possibilities in the global pharmaceutical market. Some topics which helps in demographic survey such as: Analyst View Basically analyst checks all details of clinical research study, evaluate them if any problem in machine, human error, quality control system, in process methods etc, arrives in the study, in that case they can overcome the problem and improve with the help of specific method. It helps to save money by increasing product quality. [8] Control in operating cost How to improve quality with less cost of the drug product is very challenging in pharmaceutical market. Understanding cost approach is used to increase margin of the drug manufacturing. Pharmaceutical industries have to take active steps in order to control cost. Cost of Research and Development increases upon discovery of new blockbuster in the market. Attracting and holding skilled workers In pharmaceutical industries, experience and knowledge in the employees is very important. People who are working in the industries are skilled with good knowledge about market, excellent communication skill, Professional behavior, unity, able to manage work load etc. affect the growth of company. Labor cost of the United States is very high as compare to China India. [9] Pharmaceutical Companies facing Challenges Pharmaceutical companies are facing challenges to develop high quality of drug product with less cost due to increase population in the world. To create quality of the drug products give less yield and high market cost, as a result consumer may not use drug product. To solve this problem company has to create new production formulas. They spend billions of dollars for its research; developments, approval, advertisement and marketing with less drug cost without compromising gross send on R D. Companies have to face some geo-political situation. For example; AIDS is major problem in the world. Governments are demanding strict attention on AIDS and give pressure to pharmaceutical companies to search develop new drug product which is used to cure AIDS. Brand Name Drug Company has to face some challenges because after the patent expiry they are allowed new product in to the market, so other companies create same drug which are equivalent to brand name drug in all aspects is called as Ge neric Drugs. Generic manufacturer do not have to get time and money for R D, as a reason generic drugs are less costly. Market share of Brand Name Drug is declines due to generic drug. Health insurance promotes the generic drug use among the consumers for saving bills as a result less research on new drugs. Following are some solution which helps to overcome some challenges facing by pharmaceutical companies. Figure 3 Some Solution stack Alignment with Pharmaceutical Trends Aspirations Pharmaceutical solution provides new and unique method for solubility profile based on drug properties and modifying some process for drug development. These solutions provide management capabilities through various processes leading to progress in work for high level of efficiency. It is very flexible and applies enough in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, DP and Biotechnological drug manufacturing. With the help of true SOPs, we can check manual errors done by employees evaluate it and create a new process how to solve this problem. ISA-95 and ISA-88 is used to define challenges face by clients in management, process analysis, in its data, in schedule etc. Conclusion As per my opinion JIT is very useful system for manufacturing company with wide consignment, suitable material with quality, employees, and different types of equipments can always accessible when required. JIT decreases product waste and provides good quality of products which is prepared by manufacturer, supplier and consumer. In short, JIT is a one of the Ladder with continuous stages of loyalty to do job in proper way in growing global market. Nowadays pharmaceutical industries face many challenges of surviving in this global market. Generic manufacturer are facing competition for generic products, force for restrict drug price due to government policies and increase RD cost due to governmental demands. Active pharmaceutical Ingredients production began in china and India before few years.

Greek Influences on Western Civilization :: essays research papers

Ancient Greek Contributions It is always important to look to the past in order to move towards the future. This was done in the formation of Western Society, and more specifically the formation of American society. The Greek culture served as a frame of reference for many aspects of Western life including government, architecture, math and the arts. Ancient Greek culture served as a very broad base for our society to be built upon. During the age of Pericles, the ideal form of government was believed to be a government formed by all of the citizens regardless of wealth or social standing. This was known as democracy, literally meaning â€Å" government of the people† [Document 3.] This government favored the many instead of the few. Athens was a direct democracy, meaning every citizen participated in debates. Western civilization used this philosophy of government by many, and created an indirect democracy where citizens elect officials to make and enforce laws. Geometry, a cornerstone in modern civilization, also had its beginnings in Ancient Greece. Euclid, a mathematician, formed many geometric proofs and theories [Document 5]. He also came to one of the most significant discoveries of math, Pi. This number showed the ratio between the diameter and circumference of a circle. Grecian architecture formed its own conventions in the ancient world, buildings in Greece were built with meticulous mathematic design. Great buildings were believed to be symmetrical, and perfectly proportioned [Document 7]. Another prominent aspect of ancient Greek architecture is the extensive use of columns. There were three basic types used, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were fashioned after ram’s horns, and Corinthian which were made to mirror acanthus leaves. Greek Influences on Western Civilization :: essays research papers Ancient Greek Contributions It is always important to look to the past in order to move towards the future. This was done in the formation of Western Society, and more specifically the formation of American society. The Greek culture served as a frame of reference for many aspects of Western life including government, architecture, math and the arts. Ancient Greek culture served as a very broad base for our society to be built upon. During the age of Pericles, the ideal form of government was believed to be a government formed by all of the citizens regardless of wealth or social standing. This was known as democracy, literally meaning â€Å" government of the people† [Document 3.] This government favored the many instead of the few. Athens was a direct democracy, meaning every citizen participated in debates. Western civilization used this philosophy of government by many, and created an indirect democracy where citizens elect officials to make and enforce laws. Geometry, a cornerstone in modern civilization, also had its beginnings in Ancient Greece. Euclid, a mathematician, formed many geometric proofs and theories [Document 5]. He also came to one of the most significant discoveries of math, Pi. This number showed the ratio between the diameter and circumference of a circle. Grecian architecture formed its own conventions in the ancient world, buildings in Greece were built with meticulous mathematic design. Great buildings were believed to be symmetrical, and perfectly proportioned [Document 7]. Another prominent aspect of ancient Greek architecture is the extensive use of columns. There were three basic types used, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were fashioned after ram’s horns, and Corinthian which were made to mirror acanthus leaves.

Literature Review †Mnes, International Business and Country Risk Essay

Introduction This review is written to give readers a understanding of the meaning of Country risk Management, International Business and Small and Medium sized Businesses. When business or institutions engage in international lending or cross-border exposures, they undertake not only the customary risk but also country risk, which is the risk associated with the economic, social and political conditions within a foreign obligator’s home country/jurisdiction. Therefore the understanding of Country Risk Management is of importance. International business is a term used to describe all commercial transactions of private and governmental institution on sales, investments, logistics, and transportation that take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political boundary. In the world the importance of international Business keeps growing. This review will provide information on what the meaning is of international Business and it will give the reader a better understanding of International business, the driving forces of International Business and explain about the restrictions that play a role. Regarding Small and Medium sized enterprises. This will give readers a view on in what accept they operate which companies are considered SMEs and what role they play in the world. This will also show you the difference between SMEs and MNEs. Country Risk Management When you look at the definition of Country Risk Management, it refers to taking account of the possibility that economic and political conditions, or an event in a foreign country, could adversely impact an institution’s or business in that country. The institutions that works in those countries in international lending or having other cross border exposure are vulnerable to country risk and you have to take that as a country risk manager in account. â€Å"Country risk is not limited to an institution’s international lending operations; rather because their other on balance sheet activities and as well as off balance sheet exposures also contain country risk.† [5] When looked at businesses or institutions that outsource internationally, such as electronic data processing, electronic banking or any consultancy/management services, with overseas parties that are involved, this also carries country risk. Institutions are indirectly exposed to country risk as a result of their exposure to domestic entities that have significant cross border exposures, these institutions are not required to take into account such exposures in their formal country risk management process. However, such indirect country risk assessment pertains to credit risk management and banks are expected to give due consideration to this aspect while taking an exposure on such domestic entities. Institutions can exercise little direct influence on the country risk they are exposed to. This distinctive nature of country risk necessitates that banks having significant cross border risk exposure should have adequate country risk management framework. The term â€Å"country† in country risk management should be widely interpreted to include different jurisdictions or economic entities. For example, when you look at China, you should treat the Mainland China, Hong Kong and Chinese Taiwan as separate jurisdictions / economic entities in their country risk management processes. [6] â€Å"Country risk can be broadly classified into sovereign, transfer/convertibility and contagion risk. * Sovereign risk denotes a foreign government’s capacity and willingness to repay its direct and indirect (i.e. guaranteed) foreign currency obligations. * Transfer/Convertibility risk arises if changes in government policies, or any event, result in a barrier to free conversion or movement of foreign exchange across countries. Under such conditions, a borrower may not be able to secure foreign exchange to service its external obligations. * Where a country suffers economic or political problems, leading to depletion of its foreign currency reserves, the borrowers in that country may not be able to convert their funds from local currency into foreign currency to repay their external obligations. Contagion risk refers to the possibility that any adverse economic or political factor in one country has an impact on other countries in that region. â€Å" International Business International business is a term used to describe all commercial transactions of private and governmental institution on sales, investments, logistics, and transportation that take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political boundary. Private companies mostly do such transactions for beneficial reasons; governments also do them for profit and also for political reasons. International Business is not a new phenomenon, trade across the globe is as old as business itself. Today, every nation has increasing number of companies buying and selling goods in the international market place. A number of developments around the world have helped to fuel this activity. â€Å"Some of the major forces driving International Business are – LPC Movement, MNCs, Technology, World economic trends, regional economic integration, Transportation and communication improvements, product development costs, competition†. [3] International Business has gained wide popularity, because of the growing rate of multinational enterprises. During the last-three decades, the field of modern International business began to develop. Today, it has become a separate field of study in the management courses. The reasons to study this subject are, because almost all of the large enterprises in developed countries are international in character. Due to the economic liberalization and globalization, immense international business opportunities have been created. In most companies the manager needs to have knowledge about international business for managing complexities and understanding the various factors. Now a days public policy issues are very often related to international trade, investment and finance. There is no country that can neglect the foreign trade sector, when drawing up its economic policies. In business rules are highly diverse and unclear within International business. There are many languages and differences in culture, varied financial climate, patriotism hinders, multiple currencies and taxation system, integrative approach to study, product planning & development according to foreign markets, multiple & unstable marketing environment. Control of business activities is within International Business is difficult. International business is a wide concept and it encompasses a varied activity that makes its scope even wider. With the advent of the LPG Movement, the global Market place has shrinked and became one platform for conducting market activities, creating a wide range of operations and activities under its. There are several forces that restricts international business crossing the borders of the nation is not an easy task, as one has to face many barriers on various fronts. â€Å"Some of the restricting forces of IB are – Management Myopia, National Controls, High Investment required, Trade Blocs, Exchange Instability, and Technological Piracy†[3] International Business is an extension of domestic business. Today, all types of business enterprises are inspired to carry on business across the globe. Both IB & DB are similar in some ways, such as Business whether domestic or international, involves buying and selling of goods and services, Profit is the main objective of every business, whether domestic or international, Both in domestic as well as IB success depend upon satisfying the customers, Building goodwill is another common objective of both the business, Research and development for product improvement and adaption is necessary in both businesses, Business concepts, processes and principles are universally applicable, and the marketer’s task is same in both.[3] Small and medium sized enterprises Institutions recognize small and medium enterprises also known as SMEs, as companies whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits. The abbreviation â€Å"SME† is used in the European Union and by international organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Small enterprises outnumber large companies by a wide margin and also employ many more people. SMEs are also said to be responsible for driving innovation and competition in many economic sectors. [2] There is also an important variation of called a multinational enterprise also known as MNE. That is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets and production with operations in more than one country. An MNE is often called multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational company (TNC). Well known MNCs include fast food companies such as McDonald’s, Burger King etc., vehicle manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Toyota, consumer electronics companies like Samsung, LG and Sony, and energy companies such as ExxonMobil, Shell and BP. Most of the largest corporations operate in multiple national markets. Areas of understanding within MNE of within this topic include differences in the legal systems, political systems, economic policy, language, accounting standards, labor standards, living standards, environmental standards, local culture, corporate culture, foreign exchange market, tariffs, import and export regulations, trade agreements, climate, education and many more topics. Each of these factors requires significant changes in how individual business units operate from one country to the next. [2] The conduct of international operations depends on companies’ objectives and the means with which they carry them out. The operations affect and are affected by the physical and societal factors and the competitive environment. Conclusion This review tries to give readers a better understanding on â€Å"Country Risk Management†, â€Å"International Business† and â€Å"Small and medium sized enterprises†. In addition, information from previous publications that are related is used to strengthen the topics that are being discussed. The paper starts with the definition of explaining the known understanding of Country Risk Management and continues explaining International Business and Small and medium sized enterprises. This shows you what importance these subject have and what role they play on multinationals and for you working in multinationals Source: [1]http://www.ncr.org.za/pdfs/Literature%20Review%20on%20SME%20Access%20to%20Credit%20in%20South%20Africa_Final%20Report_NCR_Dec%202011.pdf [2]http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme_definition/sme_user_guide_en.pdf [3] http://www.gurukpo.com/admin/bookpdf/57.pdf [4]http://www.uscib.org/docs/international_business.pdf [5] http://www.sbp.org.pk/bsd/2004/Anex-C3.pdf [6]http://www.amcm.gov.mo/rules_and_guidelines/laws/bank/En_Av_08_2008.pdf [7]http://www.prenhall.com/behindthebook/0131738607/pdf/CKR_Why_We_Wrote_This_Book.pdf

Romancing the Stone essays

Romancing the Stone essays In "Romancing the Stone," heroine Joan Wilder is a successful romance novelist, secure in her career but not in herself. She is very attractive, but plays down her looks by not dressing well at times. Her career dominates her life, and she has become well known around the world for her books. She develops a relationship with Jack Colton when she travels to South America to help her sister, which is very unlike her. It is clear she is becoming attracted to Jack, but they are completely opposite, and they seem to have too many differences to ever really get together. Jack makes her look and feel beautiful, and as their relationship begins to develop, she just seems to glow. She is very modest, even shy at times. However, she shows that when family is at stake, she can be extremely independent and resourceful. She is extremely sensitive, which makes sense since she is a writer, and she has a good sense of humor when she is comfortable with the people around her. She is not a "typical" romantic heroine in many ways, because she is a recluse at the beginning of the novel, and she does not meet the hero through her work. Again, her work is not typical of a romantic heroine either. However, most of her character fits with the heroine ideal, such as not taking her attractiveness for granted and being extremely vulnerable. As she blossoms under Jack's love, she becomes more typical and more appealing. Sex in the story is presented tenderly and with love and respect. The couple is drawn to each other and have survived many difficulties, so it seems natural when the sex scene occurs. In fact, the sex is implied, which makes it all the more romantic and appropriate to the film. Joan does not give herself lightly, so it is clear she really cares about Jack. This is important for the romantic quality of the film and to keep the heroine "pure" and good throughout the story. She only sleeps with Jack, and it is because of true lo...

British terrestrial broadcasting

Since its controversial launch in March 1997 Channel 5 has been the fifth wheal upsetting the balance of British terrestrial broadcasting. With millions of videos to retune and a paltry programme budget few foresaw success, but C5 was the only mainstream broadcaster to increase its audience share last year1, and at the beginning of this year it was valued at 1.2 billion. The recent purchase of the rights to screen ITVs Australian soap opera Home and Away is a major coup, the first time it has poached from a competitor (its had to get used to the reverse). The problems C5 have had in the past C5 executives are eager to overplay recent well publicised successes, but the channel has been dogged by problems from the start, some technically unavoidable and some disputably due to managerial misjudgement. At the RTS convention in 1999 Greg Dyke, chairing a session on branding, challenged David Brook (director of marketing during C5s launch) that part of the problem with C5 was that it didnt live up to its launch. Brook disagreed saying You must remember, we had to launch a channel without any programmes and amongst all the confusion of retuning His defence cites two of the three main initial problems C5 faced 1) A budget 1/6 of the BBCs 2) The necessity to retune your TV/Video. Also hindering performance was 3) The lack of reach (still only 80% of BBC). The million pounds spent on marketing and producing the glamorous opening was supposed to tackle the first 2 problems, however critics say the reliance of style over substance faith in the power of persuasive com! munication, was short sighted. Brooks successor, Jim Hyther commented (Guardian Nov 1st, 99) Once the coffee jar is on the supermarket shelf, you cant keep pretending to the customer its premium ground when its actually instant granules. Typical schedule content (see appen...

Leading in the Darkness and the Light - Answers Essay

Leading in the Darkness and the Light - Answers - Essay Example As the rescue went on, the miners demonstrated different forms of leadership. First, there was evidence of servant leadership as one of the miners who was a trained paramedic went about helping his colleagues and giving advice on what they should do. That demonstrated empathy, which is a characteristic of servant leaders (Northouse 220). Also, the shift foreman demonstrated servant leadership as he made sure he was the last to come up. The miner that used humor demonstrated transformational leadership as he tried to motivate the rest and keep their morale up (Northouse 186). The pastor demonstrated authentic leadership as he remained hopeful and kept their hope up during the time. Above the ground, there was a demonstration of various forms of leadership. President Pinera demonstrated authentic leadership as demonstrated by his optimism and commitment to the rescue (Humphrey 259). Mining Minister Golborne, on his part, proved to be a servant leader. That was evident from the empathy he showed towards the trapped miners as he spent most of the time at the site. Engineer Sougarret led the drilling project. In the process, he enabled creativity as his team sought different ways to locate the miners. He thus demonstrated transformational leadership. Unlike the case of Hurricane Katrina and the BP oil spill, the miners’ crisis in Chile saw the government take responsibility. The President and his Mining Minister took over the rescue operation as contrasted to the US situation where the Government left that to someone else. Unlike the US cases where the operation moved from one solution to the other, the Chilean rescue had some organization and control. There was a plan A, and B. They had a plan and knew the steps they would take. To keep things running, the mining Minister was ever present at the site and the President made an appearance from time to time. That was not the case in the case of Hurricane Katrina and the BP oil spill.  

COMPUTER PHYSICIAN ORDER ENTRY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COMPUTER PHYSICIAN ORDER ENTRY - Research Paper Example The CPOE system has been identified as significant model of attaining improvement, especially with regard to medication error minimization. Wrong medication administration has often resulted from errors in transcription of handwritten orders as well as confusion of drugs with similar sounding labels or names. However, with computerized ordering and bar code reading of orders and patient records, nurses are least likely to make errors. The capability of CPOE to significantly change the ordering procedures could substantially reduce misuse, underuse and overuse of the health services. The application of CPOE can bring significant improvement in various areas by enhancing compliance, shortening length of hospitalization, reducing medication errors, reducing healthcare costs, reducing legal suits and improve care outcomes (Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine, 2000). Introduction of CPOE within health facilities requires structural changes in staffing coupled by appropriate IT training to support staff use. Therefore, there is a need for systematic and extensive review of the ordering system and subsequent restructuring and redesign of the process. All these process should involve all stakeholders interacting with such a system so that they can learn how to apply it in care delivery (Kuperman & Richard, 2003). The CPOE system basically works by guiding the ordering system, and orders are first made by the medical practitioner based on the patient conditions and care requirements. In addition to order details other pertinent issues such as polypharmacy and patients allergies as well as conditions are included alongside the order. The complete order is the transmitted simultaneously to the pharmacy department as well as the patient care unit (AHRQ, 2012). The pharmacy uses the order dispense medicine and check any possible complications and proble ms that may arise